8.1 – Matter and Temperature
- There are 4 states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma.
- Plasma is a gaslike state of matter consisting of highly charged particles.
- In most solids, the particles are arranged in repeating geometric patterns called crystals.
- Amorphous solids have no crystalline arrangement and can change shape easier, such as wax and plastics.
- According to the kinetic theory, all matter is made of constantly moving particles.
- Gases have fewer particles in a unit area and can move about freely.  Solids have particles so densely packed that they don’t move as much.  Liquids are somewhere in the middle.
- Most matter expands when heated (called thermal expansion) and contracts when cooled.

8.2 – Science & Society: Fresh Water
- Fresh water on Earth is scarce, and this water is often wasted or polluted.
- Polluted water is water that contains high levels of unwanted material.
- There are many ways in which people can save water, and laws can be passed to regulate pollution.

8.3 – Changes in State
- Changes of state can be interpreted in terms of the kinetic theory of matter.
- The energy of the heat of fusion and vaporization overcomes attractive forces between particles of matter.
- Evaporation is when a liquid changes to a gas at the boiling point.
- Condensation is when a gas changes to a liquid.
- Heat of fusion is the heat needed to change a material from a solid to a liquid.
- Heat of vaporization is the heat needed to change a material from a liquid to a gas.

8.4 – Behavior of Gases
- Gas pressure is caused by moving particles colliding with the inside walls of its container.
- Pressure equals the amount of force per unit area. [P=F/A]
- The Pascal [Pa] is the unit of pressure in SI.
- As you increase in altitude, atmospheric pressure decreases.
- Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas decreases when the pressure increases, at constant temperature … and visa versa.
- Charles’ law states that the volume of a gas increases when the temperature increases, at constant pressure … and visa versa.

8.5 – Uses of Fluids
- Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.  It explains why boats float.
- Pascal’s principle states that pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid.  It is the basis for hydraulics.
- Bernoulli’s principle states that the pressure exerted by a fluid decreases as its velocity increases.  It explains why planes fly.