Ch 1 - Orientation

1. _____________ anatomy is the study of large parts (heart, lungs, etc.).
2. _____________ anatomy is the study of structural changes throughout the life of an organism.
3. _____________ is the study of the structures of body parts and how they relate to each other.
4. _____________ is the study of the functioning of the body's parts.
5. The _____ is the basic unit of structure and function of living things.
6. The thumb is _____ with respect to the wrist.
7. The heart is _____ with respect to the breastbone.

8. Skeletal          A. allows for the production of offspring
9. Lymphatic         B. pumps blood throughout the body
10. Muscular         C. provides support and attachment places for muscles
11. Urinary          D. removes carbon dioxide from the blood
12. Integumentary    E. breaks down food into small pieced that can be absorbed
13. Respiratory      F. contains the brain and spinal cord
14. Reproductive     G. moves the limbs
15. Endocrine        H. contains glands that secrete hormones
16. Cardiovascular   I. protects the body; destroys bacteria and tumor cells
17. Nervous          J. rids the body of nitrogenous wastes
18. Digestive        K. the outer covering; skin, nails, hair

Ch 5 – Integumentary System

19. The outer, waterproof layer of epidermis is the _____________.
20. The ____________ is the inner layer of skin; it's your "hide".
21. As melanin production increases, protection from UV radiation ____________.
22. ___________ gives your skin a pinkish hue.
23. Nails are hardened _____________ at the tips of the fingers and toes.
24. As it gets hotter, the dermal blood vessels ________________.
25. Which vitamin is produced in the skin (by sunlight)?
26. What type of metabolic wastes are secreted in sweat?
27. Sweat cools you off because of _________________.
28. Only the epidermis is burned in a __________ burn.
29. Skin may turn gray-white, red, and/or black in a ____________ burn.
30. Moles may sometimes develop into ____________, the most serious skin cancer.
31. Inflammation of the skin is called __________________.

Ch 6/7/8 – Skeletal System

32. The top cervical vertebrae (C1) is also called the ____________.
33. There are _______ true (or vertebrosternal) ribs.
34. The floating ribs are also called the _________________.
35. Four vertebrae fuse together to form the __________, or tailbone.
36. There are ______ cervical vertebrae.
37. The shin bone is actually called the ______.
38. There are ______ lumbar vertebrae.
39. The patella is commonly known as the ______.
40. _________ have pelvis bones that are shallow and wide.
41. The ____________ carries most of the weight on the lower leg.
42. The heel bone is actually the _________________.
43. There are _________ bones in the human body.

Ch 9/10 – Muscle System

44.  ____________ muscles are usually controlled voluntarily.
45. ___________ muscle cells are found in the walls of the internal organs.
46. Production of ____________ can cause muscle fatigue.
47. Your leg muscles are a type of _____________ muscles.
48. Muscles are attached to bone by ____________.
49. The basic contracting unit of a muscle is the _________.
50. A _______________ is the main muscle responsible for a movement.
51. A _______________ is a muscle that helps other muscles.
52. A _______________ is a fan-shaped muscle.
53. The ___________ is a kite-shaped muscle of the upper back that raises the shoulders.
54. The ___________ is a single muscle below the lungs that assists with breathing.
55. ________________ is the group of 4 muscles on the anterior portion of the thigh.
56. ________________ is the group of 3 muscles on the posterior portion of the thigh.
57. The __________________ is a thin, superficial muscle of the medial thigh.

Ch 11 - The Nervous System

58. _____________ is the neurotransmitter that's released into the muscles to activate them.
59. A _________________ must be reached before the action potential is generated.
60. As the diameter of a nerve gets larger, the nerve impulse moves ____________.
61. The _____ nervous system controls the involuntary "fight or flight" response.
62. The resting period after an impulse is created is called the ______________.
63. All of the nerves outside of the CNS comprise the _____ nervous system.
64. _________________ neurons carry signals from the CNS to the PNS.
65. The brain and spinal cord comprise the ___________ nervous system.

Ch 12 - The Central Nervous System

66. The _______________ fissure separates the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres.
67. The ____________ secretes melatonin, helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle, and relates to mood.
68. The ____________ regulates body temperature and food intake.
69. ___________ can result when blood circulation to the brain is blocked and tissue dies.
70. The _______________ fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum below.
71. A _________________ is a cavity in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
72. The ________________ in the parietal lobe interpretes taste.
73. _________ is a degenerative brain disease tha causes slow, progressive loss of memory and motor control.
74. The _______________ are 3 layers of membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
75. The _____________ nerve fibers carry messages from the brain down the spinal cord.
76. Heart rate, blood pressure, coughing, and sneezing are controlled by the ____________.

Ch 13 - The Peripheral Nervous System

77. _____________ nerves are the most common type of nerve.
78. _____________ nerves go directly from the brain to a part of the body.
79. ______________ are found in the skin.
80. ______________ respond to pain.
81. ______________ respond to touch, pressure, vibrations, and stretching.
82. Nerves consist of bundles of __________________.

Ch 16 - The Special Senses

83. The ____________________________ focuses light onto the retina.
84. The external ear, made of cartilage, is also known as the _____________.
85. The white, outer layer of the eye is the __________.
86. The clear outside layer in front of the eye is the ______________.
87. Sound travels through the ext. auditory canal and directly strikes the _____________.
88. The ossicles (ear bones) are located in the _________________.
89. Lacrimal secretion flows into the lacrimal sacs and is deposited in the ____________.
90. ____________ results when something prevents sound vibrations from getting to the inner ear.
91. The posterior chamber of the eye is filled with a clear, gelatinous substance known as ______.
92. There are ___________ semicircular canals.

Ch 17 – Endocrine System

93. An ____________ gland secretes hormones directly into the tissue and blood around it.
94. The __________ gland on top of the kidney makes epiniphrine.
95. Growth hormone, TSH, and FSH are all produced in the ___________ gland.
96. The ____________ gland is located in the neck and controls metabolism.
97. The __________ gland, located near the heart, is thought to help the immune system in children.
98. Which of the following is not located in the brain?

Ch 18 - Blood

99. Blood type ____ is considered the universal donor type.
100. The main function of _____________ is to transport oxygen.
101. ____________ are cell fragments that help to plug up damages in blood vessels.
102. Blood type _____ has both A and B antigens.
103. The pH of blood is ________________.
104. ________________ refers to the clotting of blood.
105. Hemoglobin, which attaches to oxygen, is found in the _______________.
106. The straw colored, viscous fluid part of blood is called __________.
107. If you have the Rh factors in your blood, you are considered ______.

Ch 19 - The Heart

108. The _____________ takes in blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae.
109. The _____________ takes in blood from the 4 pulmonary veins.
110. The _____________ pumps blood to the body; it's the strongest chamber of the heart.
111. The _____________________ is the body's largest artery.
112. The _____________ pumps blood to the lungs.
113. The _________________ valve is between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
114. The ___________________ is between the right and left ventricles.
115. A blockage of a coronary artery can lead to a ______________.

Ch 20 - Blood Vessels

116. The smallest type of blood vessel is the _____________.
117. High blood pressure is known as ______________.
118. The ____________ carry blood away from the heart.
119. Nutrients & wastes are exchanged at the ___________.
120. __________ pressure is when the heart contracts and BP is at its highest.
121. ______________ carry blood to the heart.
122. The ____________ are under high pressure.
123. Large, thick walled arteries, located near the heart, are called ______________.
124. __________ is the pressure exerted on the blood vessel by the blood

Ch 21 - The Lymphatic System

125. Lymphatic vessels contain one-way valves to prevent _____________.
126. The flow of lymph is _______________.
127. Plasma cells, which come from B cells, produce _____________.
128. The job of lymph nodes is to _______________.
129. The flow of lymph is controlled by _____________________.
130. The ___________ destroys old red blood cells and pathogens in the blood.
131. Lymph starts out as ____________ and leaks out as interstitial fluid before becoming lymph.

Ch 23 - The Respiratory System

132. The paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts drain into the _________________.
133. The ________________ prevents food/liquids from entering the trachea.
134. There are ________ primary bronchi.
135. The vocal cords are located in the _______________.
136. ________________ is caused by excessive mucus production in the lower respiratory passageways
137. ________________ occurs when the body doesn’t get enough oxygen to its tissues.
138. The trachea is held open by _______________.
139. Constricting bronchioles can cause ________________.

Ch 24 - The Digestive System

140. _________ helps the bolus move down the pharynx & esophagus.
141. The outer surface of teeth is made of ____________.
142. _________ moves food down the esophagus.
143. You should develop ______ permanent teeth.
144. Heartburn results when _______ move into the esophagus.
145. The dissolved food/enzyme at the bottom of the stomach is known as  ___________.
146. The ___________ are lined with small finger-like extensions called villi.
147. _______________ is the process of taking in food, or eating.
148. ___________ secreted in the stomach helps to kill bacteria.

151. large intestines    A. produces bile; the largest gland in the body
152. duodenum            B. the first 10” section of small intestines
153. gall bladder        C. absorbs food into the bloodstream
149. small intestines    D. stores bile until needed; about 4” long
150. ileum               E. last section of the small intestines; joins with the large intestines
154. liver               F. absorbs water back into the body

Ch 26 - The Urinary System

155. Which part of the nephron removes wastes from the blood?
156. What lies between the ureters and the urethra?
157. Which part of the nephron removes excess water from the urine?
158. Urine is stored in the ____________.
159. Each kidney has about 1 million _______, or filtering units,  to clean the blood.
160. Which of the following should NOT be found in normal urine?

There  will also be several essay questions.  You will also have to label the bones and the muscles.