Muscles of the Torso

____________ -> prime mover of back extension; consists of 3 muscle columns
____________ -> the major spine flexor; runs vertically in front of the abdomen
____________ -> prime mover for shoulder abduction
____________ -> a single muscle below the lungs that assists with breathing
____________ -> insertion point for the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi
____________ -> kite-shaped muscle of the upper back that raises the shoulder
____________ -> pair of deep muscles that pull the scapula to the vertebrae
____________ -> origin of both the trapezius and the latissimus dorsi
____________ -> the most external muscle on the lateral wall of the abdomen
____________ -> prime mover for shoulder flexion and adduction

Arm Muscles

____________ -> attaches to the anterior side of the hand
____________ -> twists the forearm bones so that the palm is face down
____________ -> muscle on the upper arm beneath the biceps
____________ -> prime movers when you bend the fingers to make a fist
____________ -> twists the forearm bones so that the palm is face up
____________ -> straightens out the index finger
____________ -> flexes the elbow
____________ -> extends the elbow
____________ -> found on the anterior side of the forearm
____________ -> pulls the thumb back

Leg Muscles

The ________ is superior to the gluteus maximus and is used as an injection site.
________________ is the group of 4 muscles on the anterior portion of the thigh.
________________ is the group of 3 muscles on the posterior portion of the thigh.
The __________________ is a thin, superficial muscle of the medial thigh.
The _______________ is located deep with respect to the rectus femoris.
The ____________ is located on the back of the lower leg.

Ch 11 - The Nervous System

The _____ nervous system controls voluntary functions.
The _____________ nervous system is composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
The most common type of neuron, structurally, is the _______________.
All of the nerves outside of the CNS comprise the _____ nervous system.
_________________ neurons carry signals from the CNS to the PNS.
_____________ neurotransmitters stop movement of an impulse.
_____________ is the neurotransmitter that's released into the muscles to activate them.
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the ______________ when passing from neuron to neuron.
As the diameter of a nerve gets larger, the nerve impulse moves ____________.
The _____ nervous system controls the involuntary "fight or flight" response.
A _________________ must be reached before the action potential is generated.
The resting period after an impulse is created is called the ______________.
The brain and spinal cord comprise the ___________ nervous system.
Neurons are ___________,  which means they can't reproduce.
The decision-making neurons in the CNS are mainly _____________ neurons.

Ch 12 - The Central Nervous System

The thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus are parts of the ______________.
The midbrain, pons, and medulla are parts of the _______________.
A _________________ is a cavity in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
The _____________ ventricle is a C-shaped chamber.  There is one in each cerebral hemisphere.
The _______________ fissure separates the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres.
The _______________ fissure  separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum below.
The ________________ controls voluntary movement of muscles.
The ________________ in the parietal lobe receives sensory information from the body.
The ________________ in the temporal lobe in interpretes auditory input (hearing).
The ________________ in the parietal lobe interpretes taste.
The ________________ is the central core of the brain; it surrounds the 3rd ventricle.
The ____________ regulates body temperature and food intake.
The ____________ consists of the pineal gland and the choroid plexus.
The ____________ secretes melatonin, helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle, and relates to mood.
The ____________ is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
Heart rate, blood pressure, coughing, and sneezing are controlled by the ____________.
The ______________ is the emotional center of the brain.  It's located around the diencephalon.
The _______________ are 3 layers of membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
The outermost layer of the meninges is the _______________.
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the choroid plexus from _____________.
The ________________ supports and cushions the brain & spinal cord and helps to nourish them.
___________ can result when blood circulation to the brain is blocked and tissue dies.
_________ is a degenerative brain disease tha causes slow, progressive loss of memory and motor control.
There are ______ of spinal nerve roots extending from the spinal cord.
The outside layer of the spinal cord is _____________.
The _____________ nerve fibers carry messages from the brain down the spinal cord.
 
Ch 13 - The Peripheral Nervous System

______________ are found in the skin.
______________ respond to pain.
______________ respond to touch, pressure, vibrations, and stretching.
Nerves consist of bundles of __________________.
Each nerve axon is surrounded by a membrane called ______________.
_____________ nerves carry impulses from the CNS to the PNS.
_____________ nerves are the most common type of nerve.
_____________ nerves go directly from the brain to a part of the body.
A ____________ is a network of converging and/or diverging nerves.
___________ reflexes activate skeletal muscles.
The _____________ cranial nerve goes to the ear and carries sound impulses.
The _____________ cranial nerve goes to the internal organs in the torso.

Ch 14 & 15

_______________ is a neurotransmitter of autonomic motor neurons.
Electrical activity in the brain can be measured by an ___________________.
____________ results from abnormal electrical brain acticity.
REM, one of the types of sleep, stands for ___________________.
__________ is a temporary loss of consciousness that usually results from inadequate blood supply.
Remembering your name is an example of __________.

Ch 16 - The Special Senses

Most of the taste buds are located _______________.
Chemicals (food) must be dissolved in saliva and touch the _______________ for taste to occur.
____________ items are best detected by the back of the tongue.
The olfactory bulb is located _______________________.
Lacrimal secretion flows into the lacrimal sacs and is deposited in the ____________.
The small, jerky movements of the eye are called _________________.
The white, outer layer of the eye is the __________.
The nerve endings which register light are located in the _____________.
The posterior chamber of the eye is filled with a clear, gelatinous substance known as ______.
The clear outside layer in front of the eye is the ______________.
The ____________________________ focuses light onto the retina.
The external ear, made of cartilage, is also known as the _____________.
Sound travels through the ext. auditory canal and directly strikes the _____________.
The ossicles (ear bones) are located in the _________________.
Vibrations of cochlear fluid stimulate the ___________, which send nerve impulses to the brain.
There are ___________ semicircular canals.
____________ results when something prevents sound vibrations from getting to the inner ear.
The equilibrium receptors of the inner ear are called the _________________.
Dynamic equilibrium is detected in the _______________.

Ch 18 - Blood

The pH of blood is ________________.
________________ refers to the clotting of blood.
The straw colored, viscous fluid part of blood is called __________.
The main function of _____________ is to transport oxygen.
Hemoglobin, which attaches to oxygen, is found in the _______________.
Cancer of the leukocytes is known as _______________.
____________ are cell fragments that help to plug up damages in blood vessels.
______________ is a genetic disease whereby blood doesn't clot properly.
Blood type _____ has both A and B antigens.
Blood type ____ is considered the universal donor type.
If you have the Rh factors in your blood, you are considered ______.
The formation of blood cells is known as __________________.
______________ is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.

Ch 19 - The Heart

The _____________ pumps blood to the lungs.
The _____________ pumps blood to the body; it's the strongest chamber of the heart.
The middle layer, of heart muscle itself, is known as the _______________.
The _____________ takes in blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae.
The _____________ takes in blood from the 4 pulmonary veins.
The _____________________ is the body's largest artery.
The _________________ valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle.
The _________________ valve is between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
The ___________________ is between the right and left ventricles.
A blockage of a coronary artery can lead to a ______________.

Ch 20 - Blood Vessels

The ____________ carry blood away from the heart.
The ____________ are under high pressure.
Large, thick walled arteries, located near the heart, are called ______________.
The smallest type of artery, that connects with the capillaries, is called ______________.
The smallest type of blood vessel is the _____________.
Nutrients & wastes are exchanged at the ___________.
______________ carry blood to the heart.
The ____________ have one-way valves.
__________ is the volume of blood flowing through an area in a certain amount of time.
__________ is the pressure exerted on the blood vessel by the blood
__________ pressure is when the heart contracts and BP is at its highest.
High blood pressure is known as ______________.
The ___________ artery drains the kidney.
The _____________ is the major artery of the arm.

Ch 21 - The Lymphatic System

The lymphatic fluid comes from ________________.
Lymph starts out as ____________ and leaks out as interstitial fluid before becoming lymph.
The flow of lymph is controlled by _____________________.
Lymphatic vessels contain one-way valves to prevent _____________.
The flow of lymph is _______________.
T cells and B cells are types of ______________.
Plasma cells, which come from B cells, produce _____________.
Macrophages are examples of ____________ that destroy foreign matter.
The job of lymph nodes is to _______________.
The ___________ destroys old red blood cells and pathogens in the blood.

Ch 22 - The Immune System

During inflammation, blood vessels ______________.
________________ destroy pathogens that break through the first line of defense.
___________________ is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
The body’s first line of defense is the __________________.
________________ occurs when an area is fighting off an infection.
The immune system is  triggered by __________________.
The body uses specific _______________ to fight off antigens.
AIDS is an example of a/an _________________.
The body’s third line of defense is ____________.
_____________ are when the body attacks its own tissue.

Ch 23 - The Respiratory System

The olfactory receptors are housed in the ______________________.
Internally, the nose is divided by the nasal ______________.
The paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts drain into the _________________.
The vocal cords are located in the _______________.
The ________________ prevents food/liquids from entering the trachea.
The trachea is held open by _______________.
There are ________ bronchi.
The exchange of gases occurs in the ________________.
__________ is the gas exchange that occurs between the systemic capillaries & the body tissues.
________________ occurs when the body doesn’t get enough oxygen to its tissues.
________________ is the accumulation of too much carbon dioxide.
________________ is the  permanent enlargement and destruction of alveoli.
________________ is caused by excessive mucus production in the lower respiratory passageways
Constricting bronchioles can cause ________________.

Ch 24 - The Digestive System
 
_______________ is the process of taking in food, or eating.
_________ helps the bolus move down the pharynx & esophagus.
You should develop ______ permanent teeth.
The outer surface of teeth is made of ____________.
Salivary ____________, in saliva, starts breaking down starch.
_________ moves food down the esophagus.
Heartburn results when _______ move into the esophagus.
Lesser omentum attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the _______.
The folded lining of the stomach is knowns as ____________.
___________ secreted in the stomach helps to kill bacteria.
___________ secreted in the stomach dissolves protein.
The dissolved food/enzyme at the bottom of the stomach is known as  ___________.
The ___________ are lined with small finger-like extensions called villi.
It is normal for the large intestines to contain __________ to ferment carbohydrates.
Gallstones are made of crystallized _____________.

____________ -> the first 10” section of small intestines
____________ -> last section of the small intestines; joins with the large intestines
____________ -> absorbs food into the bloodstream
____________ -> absorbs water back into the body
____________ -> stores bile until needed; about 4” long
____________ -> produces bile; the largest gland in the body

Ch 26 - The Urinary System

Each kidney has about 1 million _______, or filtering units,  to clean the blood.
What lies between the ureters and the urethra?
Which part of the nephron removes excess water from the urine?
Which part of the nephron removes wastes from the blood?
Which of the following should NOT be found in normal urine?
Urine is stored in the ____________.
Daily urinary volume is about ________________.

Ch 28 - The Reproductive System

____________ -> holds the testes away from the body for proper sex cell production
____________ -> produces the sperm, or male sex cell
____________ -> storage site for the sex cells
____________ -> it carries semen and urine out of the body
____________ -> tissue that becomes engorged with blood so that it becomes rigid for copulation
____________ -> the combination of sex cells and materials from the accessory glands
____________ -> the production of sperm ... male sex cells.
____________ -> there is one on each side of the uterus.  They produce hormones as well as the eggs
____________ -> where the fertilized egg embeds itself and develops into an embryo, and then into a fetus
____________ -> the passageway for sperm (to enter the body) and the baby (upon leaving the body)
____________ -> contain lobules which hold the milk-producing alveoli
____________ -> the production of eggs ... female sex cells
____________ -> the endometrium is sloughed off (day 1-5) of the uterine cycle

______________ creates a deeper voice and broader shoulders in men.
______________ stimulates the maturation of the female reproductive organs.
Someone with XY chromosomes will be a ______________.
____________ is the period when a women stops menstruating.
____________ is the release of an egg at about day 14.