I. Cranial Bones

A. Frontal - from the top of the eye socket to the top of the head (1 bone)
     1. Frontal squama - the forehead area
     2. Glabella - the area between the eyebrows
     3. Supraorbital margin - the ridge of bone at the top of the eye
     4. Supraorbital foramen - hole for blood vessesl/nerves in the supraorbital margin
     5. Frontal sinus - cavity in the frontal bone

B. Parietal - the back, sides of the head (2 bones)
     1. Coronal suture - fixed joint between the frontal and parietals
     2. Sagittal suture - fixed joint between the parietals
     3. Lambdoidal suture - fixed joint between the occipital and the parietals
     4. Squamosal suture - fixed joint between the temporals and the parietals

C. Occipital - the posterior, base of the skull (1 bone)
     1. Foramen magnum - hole in the base of the skull for the spinal cord
     2. Occipital condyles - area of articular surface for the top neck vertebrae
     3. Posterior cranial fossa - depressions that hold the cerebellum
     4. External occipital protuberance - bump at the back of the skull

D. Temporal - the lower, sides of the skull (2 bones)
     1. Squamous region - area above the ear
     2. Mastoid region - area behind the ear
     3. Mastoid process - projection behind the ear
     4. Mastoid sinus - cavity in the mastoid process
     5. Zygomatic process - projection that forms the zygomatic arch (along with the zygomatic bone)
     6. Mandibular fossa - where the mandible makes a joint with the temporal bone
     7. Tympanic region - area around the ear canal
     8. Styloid process - projection under the ear; attachment place for hyoid muscles
     9. External auditory meatus - opening for the ear canal

E. Sphenoid - one bone that goes from temple to temple (1 bone)
     1. Sphenoid sinuses - cavities in the sphenoid bone
     2. Sella turcica - "pocket" that holds the pituitary gland
     3. Greater wings - larger portion that extend to the temples
     4. Lesser wings - smaller portion
     5. Pterygoid processes - extend down; attachment area for pterygoid muscles
     6. Optic foramen - holes that allow for passage of the optic nerves

F. Ethmoid (1 bone)
     1. Horizontal plate - top part; composed of the cribriform plates and the crista galli
     2. Cribriform plates - on each side of the crista galli; have holes for olfactory nerves
     3. Crista galli - projects upward into the brain case
     4. Ethmoid sinuses - cavities in the ethmoid bone
     5. Orbital plates - make up part of the eye socket
     6. Perpendicular plate - forms the upper part of the nasal septum

G. Sutural (Wormian) bones
     1. Tiny bones in the sutures
     2. The number varies

II. Facial Bones

H. Mandible - the jawbone (1 bone)
     1. Mandibular notch - between the mandibular condyle and the coronoid process
     2. Mandibular condyle - fits into the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
     3. Coronoid process - projection in front of the mandibular notch
     4. Alveolar margin - where the lower teeth fit into the mandible
     5. Alveoli - sockets for the teeth
     6. Mental foramina - holes in the front of the mandible
     7. Mandibular foramen - holes on the inside of the ramus
     8. Ramus of mandible - the posterior, vertical part of the mandible
     9. Mandibular angle - where the ramus meets the horizontal body of the mandible

I. Maxilla - the face bones; also make up most of the palate (2 bones)
     1. Infraorbital foramen - hole below the eye
     2. Alveolar margin - where the upper teeth fit into the maxilla
     3. Alveoli - sockets for the teeth
     4. Anterior nasal spine - projection at the bottom of the nose
     5. Maxillary sinuses - cavities in the maxilla

J. Zygomatic - the cheekbones (2 bones)

K. Nasal - form the top (bridge) of the nose (2 bones)

L. Lacrimal - on the inside edge of the eye socket (2 bones)

M. Palatine - the back of the roof of the mouth (2 bones)
     1. Horizontal plate
     2. Vertical plate

N. Vomer - forms the lower part of the nasal septum (1 bone)

O. Inferior Nasal Conchae - thin bone on the lateral sides of the nasal cavity (2 bones)

III. TORSO

I. Vertebral column (spine)

A. Initially composed of 33 vertebrae
     1. 5 fuse to form the sacrum
     2. 4 fuse to form the coccyx
     3. Adults have 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx

B. The spine is composed of the vertebrae, ligaments, and intervertebral discs
     1. Ligaments
          a. connect the vertebrae together
          b. major types are the anterior and posterior
          c. reinforces and supports the spinal column
     2. Intervertebral discs
          a. cushions the spine
          b. outside edge is called the annulus fibrosus
          c. the middle of the disc is called the nucleus pulposus

C. The spinal column is divided into 5 sections.
     1. Cervical vertebrae
          a. 7 vertebrae in the neck
          b. the first vertebrae (C1) is called the atlas; it articulates with the occipital bone
          c. the second vertebrae (C2) is called the axis
          d. the next five vertebrae are simply called C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7
          e. they are the smallest of the vertebrae
          f. the vertebral foramen is triangular
          g. the spinous process is small and points straight back (posteriorly)
          h. the transverse processes have foramina
     2. Thoracic vertebrae
          a. 12 vertebrae in the chest
          b. they get larger as you move down the spine
          c. they are referred to as T1 through T12 (no individual names)
          d. the body is heart-shaped
          e. the vertebral foramen is circular
          f. the spinous process is long and points down
          g. the first 10 have articular surfaces on the transverse processes that connect with the ribs
     3. Lumbar vertebrae
          a. 5 vertebrae in the lower back
          b. they are referred to as L1 through L5 (no individual names)
          c. they are larger than the cervical or thoracic vertebrae
          d. the body is kidney-shaped
          e. the vertebral foramen is triangular
          f. the spinous process is small and points straight back
     4. Sacrum
          a. made of 5 vertebrae fused together
          b. joins at each side with the pelvis at the sacroiliac joint
          c. the upper flared sides are called the alae
          d. the top part that meets the L5 vertebrae is called the sacral promontory
          e. sacral foramina are holes on each side of the sacrum
          f. the sacral canal is a tube that contains the spinal cord
          g. the sacral hiatus is an opening at the bottom of the sacral canal
          h. the median sacral crest is a ridge of bone at the back of the sacrum
     5. Coccyx
          a. made of 4 vertebrae fused together
          b. commonly called the tailbone

II. Thoracic cage (bony thorax)

A. Sternum
     1. Manubrium
          a. jugular notch
          b. clavicular notches
     2. Body
          a. the manubrium & body are joined at the sternal angle
          b. the body and xiphoid process are joined at the xiphisternal joint
     3. Xiphoid process

B. Ribs
     1. True (vertebrosternal)
          a. top 7 pair (14 in all)
          b. attach directly to the sternum (by cartilage) and vertebrae
     2. False
          a. vertebrochondral
               i. pairs #8, #9, and #10 (6 in all)
               ii. attach to the vertebrae and indirectly to the sternum (by cartilage)
          b. vertebral
               i. pairs #11 and #12
               ii.also called floating ribs
               iii. are attached to the vertebrae, but have no anterior attachments
     3. Parts to label
          a. shaft
          b. head
          c. neck
          d. tubercle

SHOULDER & ARM

I. Shoulder

B. Scapula - shoulder blade
     1. acromion
     2. coracoid process
     3. superior border
     4. suprascapular notch
     5. superior angle
     6. medial border
     7. inferior angle
     8. lateral border
     9. lateral angle
     10. glenoid cavity
     11. subscapular fossa
     12. spine
     13. suprascapular fossa
     14. infrascapular fossa

II. Arm

A. Humerus - upper arm bone
     1. head
     2. greater tubercle
     3. lesser tubercle
     4. intertuberculer groove
     5. deltoid tuberosity
     6. olecranon fossa
     7. radial fossa
     8. coronoid fossa
     9. lateral epicondyle
     10. medial epicondyle
     11. trochlea
     12. capitulum

B. Ulna
     1. olecranon process
     2. trochlear notch
     3. radial notch
     4. styloid process of the ulna

C. Radius
     1. head
     2. neck
     3. radial tuberosity
     4. styloid process of the radius

D. interosseus membrane

III. Hand

A. Carpals - wrist bones
     1. scaphoid
     2. lunate
     3. triquetral
     4. pisiform
     5. trapezium
     6. trapezoid
     7. capitate
     8. hamate

B. Metacarpals - 5 bones of the hand

C. Phalanges
     1. proximal phalanx
     2. middle phalanx (except for the thumb)
     3. distal phalanx

PELVIS & LEG

I. Pelvis

B. Ischium
     1. ischial spine
     2. lesser sciatic notch
     3. obturator foramen

C. Pubis
     1. pubic symphysis - connective tissue at the anterior of the pelvis
     2. pubic crest

D. Male vs. Female
     1. Male - deep & narrow, with larger, heavier bones
     2. Female - shallow and wide

II. Leg

A. Femur - thigh bone
     1. head
     2. fovea capitis
     3. neck
     4. greater trochanter
     5. lesser trochanter
     6. intertrochanteric crest
     7. gluteal tuberosity
     8. linea aspera - ridge of bone at the back of the femur
     9. medial condyle
     10. lateral condyle
     11. intercondylar notch
     12. medial epicondyle
     13. lateral epicondyle
     14. patellar surface

B. Patella - kneecap

C. Tibia - shin bone
     1. articular surface of medial condyle
     2. articular surface of lateral condyle
     3. intercondylar eminence - protrudes into the intercondylar notch
     4. tibial tuberosity - bump on the front of the tibia just below the knee
     5. anterior crest - front edge of the shin
     6. medial malleolus - bump on the inside of the ankle

D. Fibula
     1. head
     2. lateral malleolus - bump on the outside of the ankle

III. Foot

A. Tarsals - ankle bones
     1. calcaneus - heel bone
     2. talus - forms the joint with the lower leg bones
     3. navicular
     4. cuboid
     5. medial cuneiform
     6. intermediate cuneiform
     7. lateral cuneiform

B. Metatarsals - 5 bones of the foot

C. Phalanges
     1. proximal phalanx - closest to the metatarsals
     2. middle phalanx (except for the big toe)
     3. distal phalanx - at the end of the toes