1) the nervous system controls the body's activities, while the endocrine system makes the chemicals; the nervous system decides when and where the chemicals will be distributed
     2) exocrine gland - secretes hormones through ducts endocrine gland - secretes hormones directly into blood hormone - chemical produced by the body to regulate an activity
     3) the endocrine glands are the: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus
     4) some organs contain some endocrine & exocrine tissue; these include the pancreas, gonads (ovaries & testes), and hypothalamus
     5) the hypothalamus is a neuroendocrine organ

I. Pituitary gland (hypophysis) - in the middle of the brain, sitting in the sella turcica; it consists of a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) and an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

A. four tropins (tropic hormones) in the anterior lobe regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands
     1. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) -stimulates thyroid,
     2. ACTH (stimulates adrenal glands,
     3. LH (luteinizing hormone) - involved with gamete production and release,
     4. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - stimulates gamete production

B) the other two hormones produced in the anterior lobe affect nonendocrine targets
     1. GH (growth hormone controls body growth,
     2. PRL (prolactin) - milk production

C) the posterior lobe stores a couple of hormones produced by the hypothalamus
     1. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - controls reabsorption of water
     2. oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth

II. Thyroid gland

A. in the neck, just below the larynx

B. produces thyroxine to regulate metabolism

C. produces calcitonin to regulate blood calcium level

III. Parathyroid gland

A. usually 2 pairs of small glands embedded in the thyroid

B. makes parathormone (PTH) to regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism

IV. Adrenal glands

A. on top of the kidneys; each consists of two parts ... the medulla and the cortex

B. the medulla makes epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepiniphrine (noradrenalin) to stimulate the body

C. the cortex makes corticosteriods ... a collection of over two dozen steriod hormones

V. Thymus

A. near the heart; shrinks as you get older

B. aids in the immune system of children by producing peptide hormones that are necessary for the production of T cells

VI. Pineal gland

A. hangs from the roof of the 3rd ventricle in the diencephalon

B. produces melatonin; melatonin concentrations in the blood go up at night and decrease during the day

VII. Pancreas

A. behind the stomach

B. islets of Langerhans produce the hormones

C. the more numerous beta cells make insulin (to lower blood glucose level)

D. alpha cells produce glucagon (to raise blood glucose level)

VIII. Ovaries - produce estrogen and progesterone to control primary and secondary female sex characteristics

IX. Testes - produces testosterone to control primary and secondary male sex characteristics

Prostaglandins - "local hormones" that affect a small area