Biology II Notes
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I. Research Skills 
         A. Experimental Design  [Word version] [Audio: ]
              1. Review how to formulate hypotheses and design appropriate experiments [Word version]
              2. Design and carry out experiments on a variety of topics 
         B. Statistical Analysis of Results   [Word version] [Audio: ]
              1. Review the laws of probability 
              2. Analyze self-generated experimental results using the Chi-square and T-test tests of significance 
         C. Use of the Scientific Literature  [Audio: ]
              1. Demonstrate an ability to do a literature search 
              2. Read and evaluate selected research papers
II. Cellular Biology and Biochemistry 
         A. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells  [Word version[Audio: ] Ch 16:1-18
              1. Compare the two cell types 
              2. Describe the current theories regarding the origin of eukaryotic organelles 
         B. Cell Respiration   [Word version]   [Audio: ] Ch 6
              1. Recognize the reactants and products of glycolysis 
              2. Summarize the major steps in the Kreb’s cycle. 
              3. Describe the electron transport system 
              4. Contrast the energy output of aerobic and anaerobic respiration 
         C. Photosynthesis[Word version]   [Audio: ] Ch 7
              1. Describe the interaction between chlorophyll and photolysis 
              2. Recognize the reactants, products, and function for carbon dioxide fixation
         D. Enzyme Kinetics   [Word version]   [Audio: ] Ch 5:5-9
              1. Recognize the significance of enzyme specificity and active sites 
              2. Discuss the impact of cofactors and coenzymes on enzyme functioning 
              3. Experimentally investigate the optimal conditions for a selected enzyme 
              4. Compare the different mechanisms of enzyme inhibition
III. Genetics and Biotechnology 
         A. Modes of Inheritance  [Word version]   [Audio: ] Ch 9
              1. review basic genetics and protein synthesis 
              2. Experimentally analyze the inheritance of one trait in a selected organism such as the fruit fly 
         B. Control of Gene Expression  [Word version]   [Audio: ] Ch 11
              1. Recognize example of the operon model in prokaryotes 
              2. Describe the of gene control in eukaryotes 
         C. Recombinant DNA  [Word version]   [Audio: ] Ch 12:1-6, 16-19
              1. Describe the technique used to protect recombinant DNA 
              2. Discuss the impact of recombinant DNA in medicine and agriculture 
         D. DNA Fingerprinting  [Word version]   [Audio: ] Ch 12:10-15
              1. Demonstrate an ability to interpret DNA fingerprints 
              2. Carry out a DNA extraction and/or produce a DNA fingerprint using gel electrophoresis
              3. Describe the importance of DNA analysis in forensics 
IV.  Evolution 
         A. Evidence for Evolution  [Word version]   [Audio: ] Ch 13: 1-3
              1. Describe the evidence from the fossil record, homology, and comparative embryology 
              2.   Use comparative embryology as evidence evolving species and to demonstrate how the species are related 
              3.    Compare this evidence with that based on protein and DNA analysis 
         B. Mechanisms of Evolution  [Word version]   [Audio: ] Ch 13: 4-6; 12-22
              1. Describe the following: natural selection, adaptive radiation gradualism, & punctuated equilibrium 
              2. Explain how natural selection produced industrial resistance 
         C. Speciation [Word version]   [Audio: ] Ch 14; Ch 13: 9-10
              1. Describe the role of isolating Mechanisms in Speciation 
              2. Decide whether selection is occurring in a population by determining gene frequencies using the Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium theory 
       D.  Human Evolution  [Word version]  Ch 19
              1. Describe primate origins and characteristics 
              2. Discuss the development of Hominids 
              3. Compare the two models for  the origin of modern Homo Sapiens
IX. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 
OLD Notes for Human Anatomy & Physiology