Biology Ch 17: Protists
11. Protists are _____________ cells that are capable of movement, respond to stimuli, and mitosis & meiosis. 
12. Some evidence suggests that protists evolved from ________________. 
13. The protist ________________ can switch between being autotrophic or heterotrophic. 
14. Some protists, like ________________, may move with pseudopods (fingerlike, flowing extensions).  
15. Autotrophic protists, commonly known as ________________, may be green, brown, or red. 
16. Most kinds of algae are ________________,. 
17. The mosquito, ________________, is the most common carrier of malaria. 

Ch 18 – Fungi and Plants
18. Most fungi feed by _____________________.
19. The body of a fungus is made of _____________________.
20. Fungi reproduce _____________________.
21. Mushrooms and toadstools are types of ________________________________.
22. Fungi live in most places that have organic material and _____________________.
23. A ______________________ is a fungus and algae living together in a symbiotic relationship.
24. The first successful land plants (such as moss and liverworts) had _____________________.
25. Seeds _____________________ plants to survive in unfavorable environments.  
26. ______________________________ are seed plants that often produce seeds in a cone.
27. ______________________________ are flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit.

Biology - Ch 19 – Plant Form and Function
28. ______________________ anchor the plant in soil and absorb water and minerals from the soil.
29. _______________ tissue transports sugars toward nonphotosynthetic cells (ex. food moves down).
30. ______________________ is the release of water by the leaves and stem.
31. __________ support growth above the ground and transport water & food between roots & leaves.
32. ______________________ tissue transports water and minerals towards photosynthetic cells.
33. ______________________ must occur before fertilization can occur.
34. ______________________ are the reproductive organ of angiosperms.
35. ______________________ causes plant stems to grow and makes some plants sprout & flower.
36. ______________________ occurs when pollen is transferred to a pistil.

Biology Ch 20 – Plants in Our Lives
37. _________________________ is the world's most widely grown plant. 
38. _________________________ are plants that are members of the pea or bean family. 
39. _________________________ form the base of the food chain. 
40. Potatoes are enlarged stem sections, called _________________________. 
41. _________________________ is the process of growing different crops in different years. 
42. _________________________ is growing plants in nutrient solutions instead of soil.

Biology Ch 21 – The Animal Body
43 _________________= wheel-like; can slice it like a pie and each piece is similar; ex. sea anemone, starfish
44 __________________________= left and right half is similar; ex. humans
45 The best part about being multicellular is that cells can become __________and there is a division of labor.
46 __________________________is when a definite head end develops in an organism.
47 All animals are __________________________, multicellular, and do not have cell walls.
48 Arthropods developed __________________________.
49 All chordates have 3 characteristics at some point: _________, a dorsal nerve chord, and pharyngeal slits.
50 __________________________were the first animals with segmented bodies.
51. Most chordates are __________________________ that have a sturdy endoskeleton 

Biology Ch 23 –Animal Diversity
52. Sponges can reproduce ________________________________________________.
53. Flukes and tapeworms are types of ______________________________.
54. Jellyfish and coral are types of ________________________.
55. ___________________ have tentacles with nematocysts (stinging cells).
56. Most ____________________________ are internal parasites.
57. Sponges get food and oxygen by ________________________.
58. Another name for roundworms is _____________________________________.
59. Clams, mussels, and oysters are types of ______________________.
60. Squids, octopuses, and nautiluses are types of ________________________.
61. Earthworms, leeches, and marine worms are examples of ____________________________.
62. __________________ have jointed appendages, a segmented body, and a chitin exoskeleton.
63. Insects, crustaceans, and arachnids are types of ___________________________.
64. _______________________ are segmented worms.
65. A starfish is an example of a/an _____________________________.

Biology Ch 24 – Arthropods
66. The class _______________________________ contains: spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions.
67. Most arachnids have _______________________________  body segments.
68. A scorpion’s _______________________________ are in the form of pincers.
69. _______________________________ have a stinger to administer poison.
70. _______________________________ are parasitic and often carry diseases.
71. _______________________________ are the largest class of Arthropods.
72. Insects have 3 main body parts: _______________________________, thorax, abdomen.
73. _______________________________ have 2 pairs of legs per body segment and eat decaying material.
74. Class _______________________________ includes crabs, crayfish, lobsters, shrimp, isopods.

Biology Ch 25 – Fishes & Amphibians
75. Class ________________________ are fishes with skeletons of cartilage.  
76. Members of the class ________________________ have scales and bones.
77. Modern ________________________ include sharks, rays, and skates.
78. Lobe-finned fish may be closely related to ________________________.  
79. There are 3680 species in the class Anura, which consists of ____________________________.
80. ________________________ were the first land vertebrates.
81. There are _______________ classes of amphibians.
82. There are 360 species in the class Urodela, which consists of _______________________ 
83. Bony fish usually have ________________________ to adjust their depth in the water.
84. Most bony fish practice ________________________ and most lay eggs.
85. There are 160 species in the class Gymnophiona, consisting of worm-like creatures called ____________. 
86. Members of the class _______________  only live in the tropics.

Biology Ch 26 – Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
87. Dinosaur extinction may have been related to ________________.
88. The reptilian order _______________ contains lizards and snakes.
89.  The reptilian order _______________ contains turtles and tortoises.
90. Which group supposedly evolved first?
91. Which group is ectothermic?
92. The only type of reptile with a four chambered heart is the _____________.
93. What can be used to determine a bird’s order of classification?
94. The order _______________ contains 288 species such as hawks, eagles, and falcons.
95. The soft feathers close to a bird’s skin (used for insulation) is known as __________________.
96. The order _______________ contains 268 species such as chickens and quail
97. There are 15 orders of __________ mammals, where the young fully develop inside the mother.
98. Mammals can live in colder environments because they generate their own heat, which is called
99. The mammalian order _________________ contains echidnas and the platypus, which lay eggs.
100. The order _______________ contains 150 species such as ducks and geese.
101. Pouched mammals, such as the kangaroo and the opossum, are in the order ________________.
102. The mammalian order __________________ contains 1814 species of rats, mice, squirrels, etc.. 
103. Mammals evolved __________________________________ dinosaurs.
104. Which mammalian order uses sonar for navigation and finding prey?
105. The mammalian order _____________________ contains 240 species of bears, cats, dogs, etc.. 
106. The mammalian order _______________ contains 233 species of humans, apes, and monkeys. 
107. Which of these is not a function of hair in mammals?
108. Claws, hooves, horns, and antlers are made of _____ (which is found in your skin, hair, & nails).
109. The mammalian order ______________ contains 79 species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises. 

Biology Ch 27 – The Human Body
110. The _____________ is the deeper layer of your skin.
111. Your __________________ cool your body.
112. _________________ tissue joins, supports, and transports (ex. blood, bone, cartilage).
113. Your __________________ waterproof and lubricate your skin.
114. _______________________ is caused by overactive oil glands.
115. The outer layer of your skin, the _______________________ contains melanin and keratin.
116. ________________ is a condition where bone loses minerals and becomes brittle & easily broken.  
117. Bones meet at joints and are held together by _______________________.
118. The leading cause of skin cancer is _________________________.
119. The skeleton contains _________ bones.  
120. A ___________________ is a broken bone.
121. A _______________________ is when ligaments are damaged.
122. _______________ muscle tissue is found in internal organs.
123. _______________ muscle tissue is found in the heart.
124. _______________ muscle tissue is found attached to the skeleton.
125. Muscles are connected to bones by ________________.
126. The brown tone to your skin color is determined by ______________________.

Biology Ch 28 – The Nervous System
127. Your balance is regulated by sensors in the _______________. 
128. Smell and taste are examples of ________________ reception.
129. ___________________ are chemicals that carry impulses from one neuron to another.
130. ____________________ around axons insulate them and help impulses to move faster.
131. The ___________________ consists of all the nerves outside the CNS.  
132. In the brain, the ___________________ coordinates muscle activity.
133. A ___________________ is an involuntary response to a stimulus.
134. The _________________________ is composed of the brain & spinal cord
135. The brain is made up of the ____________, the cerebellum, and the brain stem.
136. The ______________________ controls involuntary functions

 Biology Ch 29 - Hormones
137. Hormones and nerve impulses allow a person to respond to ____________________.
138. The _________________ gland secretes a number of hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.
139. The adrenal glands produce _________________ to help the body react to sudden crises and stress.
140. The thyroid gland produces ____________________ to regulate your metabolism.
141. The ____________________ makes 2 hormones, insulin and glucagon.
142. The gonads (ovaries & testes) produce ____________________.
143. When not enough ___________ is produced, blood sugar levels can get too high (diabetes mellitus).
144. Anabolic steroids are a dangerous, illegal form of ____________________.
145. The adrenal glands are located on top of the ____________________.

Ch 30 – Drugs and the Nervous System
146. Psychoactive drugs affect the nervous system and are _____________________.
147. Your mood may be affected by your ___________________ level.
148. Narcotics block pain signals from reaching the _______________________.
149. The body produces ____________________ (a type of endorphine) to naturally combat pain.
150. Cocaine is a ____________________, not a narcotic.
151. Cigarettes contain ____________________ and tars.
152. ____________________ constricts blood vessels.
153. Alcohol enlarges the liver, which can lead to ____________________ (which can be fatal).
154. Barbiturates and tranquilizers ____________________ the central nervous system.
155. ____________________ stimulate the central nervous system.
156. ____________________ (such as LSD and mescaline) distort the way the brain reads sensory messages.

Biology Ch 31 – Circulation and Respiration
157. _____________________ help defend the body against diseases.
158. Platelets are used to _____________________.
159. _____________________ are thick, muscular, elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
160. Blood is made up of: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and _____________________.
161. _____________________ is the liquid part of blood.
162. Oxygen “sticks to” the _____________________ in red blood cells and is carried to the tissues.
163. _____________________ is caused by not enough hemoglobin or red blood cells.
164. _____________________ are thinner vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
165. ____________ are very thin vessels where nutrients & oxygen leave the blood and wastes enter the blood.
166. A bundle of specialized cells (the _____________________) control the heart’s beating.
167. The _____________________ circulatory system brings blood to and from the lungs (to exchange gases).
168. Cardiovascular diseases include heart attacks and _____________________.
169. Marker proteins on red blood cells are responsible for the 4 blood types: _____________________.
170. The heart has _____________________ chambers.
171. Path of blood: body cells > right atrium > right ventricle > ____ > left atrium > left ventricle > body cells.
172. Hypertension is _____________________ blood pressure.
173. Path of air: nose > pharynx > larynx > _____________________ > bronchioles > alveoli
174. _____________________ occurs when the bronchioles constrict.

Biology Ch 32 – The Immune System
175. The _________ acts as both a physical and chemical barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body.
176. In _______________________, your body loses and replaces about 1 million skin cells.
177. ______________________ are molecules that trigger a defensive response in your system.
178. Macrophages engulf and consume invading ___ (recognized as foreign because of their marker proteins).
179. _____________ destroy pathogens by pinching holes in their cell membranes.
180. In an allergic reaction, you release _______________, which cause capillaries to swell and release fluid.
181. ___________________ is an example of an autoimmune diseases.
182. A mass of cancerous cells is called a __________________________.
183. HIV is transmitted __________________________.
184. __________________________ result when the immune system starts to attack its own body cells.

Ch 33 – Digestion & Excretion
185. _____________________ is a major eating disorder where you go through binge-purge cycles.
186. ___________________ is when the stomach lining is exposed to the harsh acids.  It’s caused by bacteria.
187. _____________________, produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder, helps to break down fats.
188. Proteins are broken down into _____________________.
189. _____________________ in the kidneys filter the blood by removing urea and other waste products. 
190. _____________________ are the main source of energy for cells.
191. ___________________ are organic compounds needed in small amounts to help regulate body functions.
192. Food moves down the esophagus by a muscle action called _____________________.
193. _____________________ serve as the building blocks for growth and tissue repair.
194. _____________________ is when over 20 percent of body weight is stored fat.
195. Each kidney has _____________________ nephrons.
196. Digestion is completed _____________________.  
197. Carbohydrates are broken down into _____________________.
198. _____________________ and hydrochloric acid are added in the stomach to help break things down.
 

199. ESSAY: After fertilization, what happens to the flower’s ovary and the ovule.
 
 

200. ESSAY: What are the 5 nutrients needed by the body?