A scientist wants to determine if vitamin B consumption affects the weight of mice.  He thinks that a large amount (8 g/day) would provide the most weight gain.  One mouse is fed a normal amount (the control) over the 4 week time period.  He gives 4 other identical mice varying amounts of vitamin B.    Mouse 1 – 1 g per day    Mouse 2 – 2 g per day    Mouse 3 – 4 g per day    Mouse 4 – 8 g per day The results were placed in a graph (right).

1. What is the problem statement for this situation?
 

2. What is the scientist’s hypothesis (use a complete sentence)?
 

3. What conclusion would the scientist make, based on the results?
 
 

Chi-Square Test 
You flip a coin 20 times and get 5 heads and 15 tails.  Perform a Chi-Square test to determine if the results are within the expected variance.  Use 3.47 for comparison of your resulting number.
 
 

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells
1. The ____________________________________is the smallest unit of life. 
2. _________________________________are the more primitive of the two types of cells.
3. Your body has about _________________________________________________. 
4. _______________________________cells have DNA and cytoplasm. 
5. _________________________________cells contain many membrane bound organelles. 
6. Which kingdoms contain only eukaryotic cells in their organisms? _____________________ 
7. The _________________________________produce energy in eukaryotic cells.
8. Chlorophyll is found in ___________________________________in plant cells.
9. The major theory to explain the origin of eukaryotes is the ___________________________theory.
10. The _____________________________theory states that organelles evolved gradually in steps.
11. The most recent data says that all living things can be divided into _________________kingdoms.
12. Endosymbiosis theory attempts to explain the origin of _____________________in plant cells.

Cellular Respiration
1. Aerobic respiration _________________________require oxygen. 
2. Energy that is produced is stored in the ___________________of an adenosine and phosphate molecule.   
3. In aerobic respiration, glucose and ____________________combine to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
4. Aerobic respiration produces ________________________the energy that anaerobic respiration produces.
5. ______________________is the first step of all cellular respiration (aerobic and anaerobic).
6. ___________________________is the second step in aerobic respiration.
7. Another name for ________________________is the citric acid cycle. 
8. Carbon dioxide is released as a waste product during _________________________. 
9. _______________________________is the third step in aerobic respiration.
10.  Most of the energy produced by aerobic respiration (34 ATPs) is produced during _______________________
11. Oxygen is needed in ______________________(this is why we need to breathe in oxygen). 
12. ______________________________occurs in some types of bacteria and in animal muscles.
13. A common next step in anaerobic respiration is _________________________.

Photosynthesis
1. ______________________________do not produce oxygen when they photosynthesize.
2. Light energy is converted into _________________________energy in the light reaction.
3. _____________________________is the splitting of water to obtain electrons.
4. Photosynthesis in plants takes place primarily in the ____________________________.
5. In photosynthesis, the main product is __________________________________.
6. ____________________________MUST take place in the light.
7. The dark reaction takes place in the ________________________within the chloroplast.
8. _______________________________is captured by the chemical ribulose biphosphate (RuBP).
9. _____________________________converts carbon dioxide and five-carbon molecules into carbohydrates.
10. In photosynthesis, oxygen is produced during ____________________________________.
11. The main product of carbon fixation in the dark reaction is ______________________________________.
12. Carbon fixation (building organic molecules by adding carbon onto a chain) occurs in ___________________.

Enzyme Kinetics
1. An enzyme make a reaction occur ________________________________________.
2. When an enzyme works, it __________________________a part of the reaction.
3. Enzymes ___________________________reusable.
4. Enzymes can ____________________________the amount of activiation energy needed.
5. Enzymes work on ________________________________substrate(s).
6. Enzyme products don’t attach to the active site because they have ___________________________________.
7. If you add more enzyme, the reaction should ______________________________________.
8. ____________________________________often serve as coenzymes. 
9. Enzymes may be irreversibly inactivated by ____________________________________________. 
10. Enzyme inhibition ________________________________________.
11. In _______________inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the active site and competes with the substrate for binding.  

Modes of Inheritance 
1. The different forms of genes are called ______________________________________.
2. A __________________________________trait can be ‘hidden’ and not expressed phenotypically. 
3. Having one dominant and one recessive gene for a trait is known as _________________________________.
4. An example of ____________________________inheritance is the passing along of hemophilia.
5. A brown-haired female  mating with a black-haired males may be an example of  ______________inheritance.
6. The -----------------------____________________________________is an organism’s complete set of DNA. 
7. The ______________________________________is the actual genetic makeup of an animal.
8. _______________________________________is an example of multiple-locus inheritance.
9. All human cells contain a complete genome except for mature _____________________________.
10. The end product of transcription and translation is ____________________________.
11. The human genome is estimated to contain about _____________________________genes.  
12. Proteins are large, complex molecules made up of smaller subunits called _____________________________. 
13. Which is the correct sequence for protein synthesis?

Control of Gene Expression 
1. If E. coli cannot get glucose, but lactose is present, it makes _________________________to metabolize lactose. 
2. In 1961, Francis Jacob and Jacques Monod proposed ______to explain regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes.
3. An operon consists of _____________________________types of genes that function as a single unit.
4. In E. coli, the operons for lactose metabolism are normally ________________________________.
5. Transcription is controlled by DNA-binding proteins called __________________________________________. 
6. Cancer cells have abnormal nuclei that are _________________and may have abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
7. In cancer cells, the chromosomes have _______________________________________.
8. Cancer cells cycle indefinitely and are "immortal"; while normal cells live through about _______________and die.
9. Cancerous tumor is a/an _______________________, an abnormal mass of cells that invades neighboring tissue. 
10. Mutagenic carcinogens include _____________________________________, organic chemicals, and viruses. 
11. _______________________is formation of new blood vessels; required to bring nutrients and oxygen to tumor. 
12. _______________________________is the spread of cancer away from the place of origin. 

Recombinant DNA 
1. The first step in creating recombinant DNA is to treat DNA taken from both sources with a __________________.
2. ______________________is used to covalently link the two strands into a molecule of recombinant DNA.
3. ______________________in the lab involves joining of foreign DNA (genes) with bacterial DNA. 
4. In making recombinant DNA, the bacteria are protected by _______________phage DNA during viral infections.
5. Restriction enzymes recognize and cut _____________________________sequence of bases in DNA.
6. Two different pieces of DNA cut with the same enzyme will have ______________________sticky ends 
7. A _______________________________is a circular form of a vector.
8.A _____________________________is used to amplify small samples of DNA.
9. ____________________________uses electrical current to create pores in cell membrane.
10.  ______________________________________of DNA can be synthesized.
11. Early work done in recombinant DNA used ____________________________as the host.
12. Gene expression can be studied using _______________to visualize the patterns of gene expression.
13. A __________plant or animal has been genetically engineered, & often contains genetic material another organism.
14. We are working on using ________________________to deliver genes to host cells to correct genetic problems.
15. ________________________________is used for genetic screening and DNA fingerprinting.

DNA Fingerprinting 
1. In forensic science, it is common to have only ____________________________of DNA to use for lab work. 
2. DNA has a __________________________________structure.
3. A base plus a piece (phosphate & sugar) of the vertical section of the 'ladder' is called a ____________________.
4. DNA strands are read in a particular direction, from the top (the ________ end) to the bottom (the ________ end). 
5._____________ _____________________is performed to increase the amount of DNA.
6. The chances of somebody else having the exact same VNTR results is ____________________________________.
7. Repeating sequences found in DNA are called __________________________________. 
8. VNTRs can contain anywhere from ___________________________________base pairs. 
9. A given person's VNTRs comes from ______________________________________.
10. Cut the DNA away from the proteins with an enzyme. – DNA Extraction Step ______
11. Physically break down the organic specimen to separate the cells. – DNA Extraction Step ______
12. Break down the membranes so DNA can get out – DNA Extraction Step ______
13. Separate the DNA from the rest of the organic matter to a separate layer. – DNA Extraction Step ______

Evidence for Evolution 
1. Darwin’s 1859 book outlining the idea of evolution was ____________________________________.
2. Since the beginning of the earth, about ________________________years ago, it has gone through many changes. 
3. Darwin’s theory of evolution stated that evolution occurs due to ________________________________.
4. Darwin predicted that we’d find __________________________to show intermediate stages in the fossil record. 
5. Similar structures may develop by _________________________in species that are NOT closely related.
6. Radioactive substance have a characteristic known as ____________; the _________of carbon-14 is 5730 years.  
7. Evidence for evolution does includes: ______________________________________________
8. Using relative dating methods, fossils found deeper in the ground are considered to be __________________.
9. ________________________structures in organisms suggest that organisms had a common ancestor. 
10. As organisms are more similar, their nucleotide sequences are _______________________________. 
11. Human embryos will resemble ____________________embryos for the longest period of time.
12. Our closest relative in the animal kingdom is the ______________, whose DNA is 97-99% the same as ours.  

Mechanisms of Evolution 
1. _____________________________________is sometimes called "survival of the fittest". 
2. ____________________________________individuals survive and reproduce.
3. Species change to fit their environment (called _________________________________). 
4. Organisms often produce ________________offspring than can survive. 
5. The evolution of the long necks of giraffes is an example of ___________________________. 
6. Natural selection could not occur without _______________________in species. 
7. _______________________occurs when two opposing forces affect the frequency of an allele in a population. 
8. _______________is when species adapt to different ecological niches and ultimately evolves into different species.
9. _______________________is the principle mechanism driving adaptive radiation.   
10. Punctuated equilibrium is a theory that says that evolution occurs at _______________________rate over time.  
11. The example of industrial melanism in the notes deals with __________________________________.
12. Who was naturally selected for survival on light colored tree bark in forests before the industrial revolution in England? ____________________________________________________
13. If species in that environment adapt to changes caused by industry, they _______________________survive.

Speciation 
1. ______________________________is when new species form gradually from a geographically isolated population.
2. A _______________is an interbreeding natural population that is reproductively isolated from other such groups.  
3. The development of a new species is called __________________________________.  
4. Reproductive isolation that occurs before animals mate may be called ______________________________.
5. ______________is when new species form at the border between 2 populations and interbreed to form new species.
6. Temporal and behavioral isolation are __________________________mechanisms.
7. ___________________________is a postmating mechanism where the F1 hybrid is viable but has reduced fertility.
8. The frequency for getting AA in Hardy Weinberg is equal to ________________________________.
9. With _________________, F1 hybrids may be fertile, but their succeeding generations become inviable, or sterile.  
10. You can use the H-W results to determine whether ____________________________is occurring in a population.  
11. Hardy-Weinberg states that evolution will not occur in a population _________________________________.

Human Evolution
1. The first hominid to speak words may have been __________________________.
2. The first hominid to use primitive tools are thought to have been ____________________________.
3. Modern humans are in the primate family _______________.   We are the only living members of that family today.  
4. It is thought that _________________were the first hominds that began the switch to bipedalism and larger brains.  
5. Evidence for _______________, or walking upright, includes shorter arms and a change in pelvic/femur structure.
6. The first hominid to use fire is thought to have been _____________________________.
7. _________________________living about 3.9-4.2 mya, may have been the earliest australopithecine species.  
8. _____________________species of australopithecenes include A. afarensis, A. africanus, and A. anamensis. 
9. The species that immediately predated H. sapiens is long thought to have been __________________________.
10. The ______________theory says that about 7 mya, Homo erectus left Africa & settled different parts of the world.
11. The modern traits of today’s human started appearing _______________________years ago.
12. The _________________theory suggests there was a common ancestor to all humans in Africa 300,000 years ago.
13. Raymond Dart labeled the Taung child as a hominid because it was partially bipedal and created the genus _____.
14. ____________started appearing about 130,000 years ago, and they seem to have died out about 30,000 years ago.  
15. Neanderthal fossil evidence is mainly in ______________________________________.