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What
you HAVE to know from each chapter
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Under Construction
| First Grading Period |
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MISSING CH 1-3
Ch 4 Cellular Transport BM LS-H-A2
| Objectives: |
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| 1. define terms related to cell membrane transport such
as: osmosis, diffusion, osmotic pressure, selective transport, and facilitated
diffusion |
• osmosis - the diffusion of water through a membrane
• diffusion - the mixing of 2 substances by the random
motion of molecules
• osmotic pressure - the force created by water pushing
outwards
• selective transport - the movement of substances through
membrane protein channels. It is selective because they allow only a particular
type of molecule or ion to pass through
• facilitated diffusion - when a channel helps a substance
to pass through |
| 2. define terms related to cell membrane transport such
as: sodium-potassium pump, proton pump, chemiosmosis, endocytosis, exocytosis,
and phagocytosis |
• sodium-potassium pump - an active transport system
that allows a cell to admit ions necessary for biological processes
• proton pump - an active transport system that sends
protons across the cell membrane
• chemiosmosis - the mechanism by which energy is released
by the action of proton pumps
• endocytosis - the process of bringing particles into
a cell by capturing them within a sac
• exocytosis - the process of getting rid of material
by discharging it from sacs at the cell surface
• phagocytosis - |
| 3. define mitosis, identify the four phases, and describe
each phase of the cell cycle |
• Mitosis - the process by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic
cell divides into two nuclei
• Prophase - chromosomes form; the nuclear membrane dissolves
• Metaphase - the chromosomes line up in the middle
• Anaphase - the chromosomes are pulled apart
• Telophase - two new nuclei form and the cytoplasm starts
to separate (leading to cytokinesis)
• Interphase - the time period between cell divisions
when the DNA is duplicating
• Cytokinesis - cell division where the cytoplasm is
pinched in half, separates, and two separate cells are created |
Ch 5 Matter and Energy BM LS-H-E2
| Objectives: |
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| 1. define enzymes as biological catalysts, and identify
types of enzymes |
• Enzymes - are biologycal catalysts, which means that
they make reactions occur faster in living organisms |
| 2. differentiate between an exergonic and endergonic
reaction |
• Exergonic reaction - produces or releases energy
• Endergonic reaction - requires the input of energy;
energy is used up |
| 3. demonstrate ATP-ADP cycle and show its relationship
to energy released for body activity |
• ATP-ADP cycle - high energy bonds are broken in ATPs
(creating ADPs) and the energy is released to be used; when energy is stored
in high energy bonds, ADPs turn into ATPs
• Bonds are broken in ATPs (converting them to ADPs)
to release energy to be used for body activities. |
| 1. locate the site of photosynthesis in selected prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells |
• Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant
cells. |
| 2. describe how chlorophyll and other pigments are used
by plants to absorb various wavelengths of light |
• Photons of light energy are captured by the chlorophyll
in chloroplasts. |
| 3. demonstrate an understanding of the biochemistry of
photosynthesis. This would include the role of oxygen, carbon dioxide,
water, and the transformation of ATP and ADP. |
• A plant takes in light, water, carbon dioxide.
Photosynthesis takes these ingredients and a chemical reaction occurs that
produces glucose and oxygen. |
| 4. discuss anaerobic and aerobic respiration in plants
and animals. |
• Aerobic respiration - this process requires oxygen;
it is the common type of respiration in animals
• Anaerobic respiration - this process does not require
oxygen; it occurs in plants and certain other organisms (ie. some bacteria). |
| 5. differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
by performing an activity. |
• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces much
more energy than anaerobic respiration (which doesn't require oxygen). |
Ch 6 Genetics/Heredity BM LS-H-B3
| Objectives: |
|
| 1. define genetics and discuss how Gregor Mendel's work
differed from his predecessors. |
• genetics - the scientific study of heredity
• Mendel's experiments with pea plants marked the beginning
of genetics, the scientific study of heredity.
• Mendel's model for determining traits in offspring
is the Punnett Square
• Mendel found that factors (genes) transmit information
about traits from parents to their offspring.
• Mendel stated that parents transmit information t traits
to their offspring |
| 2. demonstrate the laws of probability involved in the
study of heredity. |
|
| 3. explain the terms chromosome, gene, allele, heterozygous,
homozygous, dominant, recessive, phenotype, genotype, parental cross, F1
generation, F2 generation, test cross. |
• chromosomes - carry DNA and proteins
• gene -
• allele - the different forms of genes
• heterozygous - when an organism has 2 different alleles
for a particular trait
• homozygous - when an organism has 2 identical alleles
for a particular trait
• dominant - if this allele is present, the trait is
expressed
• recessive - a trait that is not expressed in heterozygous
organisms
• phenotype - the physical appearance created by an organism's
alleles
• genotype - the actual alleles an organism has
• parental cross -
• F1 generation - offspring of the P generation
• F2 generation - offspring of the F1 generation
• test cross - |
| 4. demonstrate Mendel's Law of Segregation by solving
sample genetic problems. |
|
| 1. define terms associated with reproduction such as
gamete, spore, diploid, haploid, fertilization, zygote, meiosis, polar
body, cytokinesis and cleavage. |
• gamete - sex cell
• spore -
• diploid - a cell with the full number of chromosomes
• haploid - a cell that has half the normal number of
chromosomes, as in sex cells produced in meiosis
• fertilization - when the sperm joins with the egg
• zygote - fertilized egg/sperm combination
• meiosis - cell reproduction that produces haploid gametes
(sex cells)
• polar body -
• cytokinesis -
• cleavage - |
| 2. explain and identify the difference between mitosis
and meiosis. (Process and difference in number of chromosomes) |
• Mitosis produces daughter cells that are exactly the
same (with the same number of chromosomes) as the parent cell.
• Meiosis occurs in sex cell reproduction and produces
cells with half the normal number of chromosomes. |
| 3. distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction. |
• Sexual reproduction requires DNA from 2 "parent" organisms.
• Asexual reproduction occurs from a single parent cell. |
| 4. distinguish between autosomes (somatic) and sex chromosomes. |
• Autosomes are all of the chromosomes BUT the sex chromosomes.
• Sex chromosomes are the pair that determine the sex
of the organism. |
| 5. differentiate between X and Y chromosomes and their
role in sex determination. |
• X is the female chromosome
• Y is the male chromosome
• If a fertilized egg has XX as its 23rd pair of chromosomes,
it will be a female.
• If a fertilized egg has XY as its 23rd pair of chromosomes,
it will be a male. |
Ch 7 Genetics/Heredity BM LS-H-B1 4 Days
| Objectives: |
|
| 1. identify basic structure and functions of nucleic
acids. |
• Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides.
• DNA has vertical lengths of phosphates and sugar, connected
by 4 types of bases. |
| 2. describe the Watson-Crick model of DNA. |
• DNA is in the double helix arrangement (twisted ladder) |
| 3. describe the three types of RNA. |
• messenger RNA (mRNA) - codons
• transfer RNA (tRNA) - anticodons
• ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - found in the ribosomes |
| 4. describe the steps of DNA replication |
1 - the DNA double helix unzips down the middle as the
base pairs separate
2 - DNA polymerase adds the correct complementary nucleotides
to the strnad
3 - a complementary strand is created on each DNA half,
resulting in 2 new identical DNA molecules |
| 5. discuss the interaction of DNA and RNA in protein
synthesis. |
• an RNA copy of DNA's genetic information is made (transcription)
• 3 kinds of RNA work to assemble amino acids into protein
molecules |
Ch 8 Genetics/Heredity BM LS-H-B4
| Objectives: |
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| 1. explain the four stages involved in a gene transfer
experiment. |
|
| 2. discuss some of the safety concerns associated with
genetic engineering. |
|
| 3. define recombinant DNA and genetic engineering. |
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| 4. discuss ways in which genetic engineering has influenced
agriculture and medicine. |
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BIOLOGY 
